Introduction to York Essays

Introduction to York Essays Introduction to York Essay Introduction to York Essay The aim of this project is to prove or disprove if York is a Regional Shopping Centre. To prove or disprove this theory. I have set out a set of hypothesis, that are what make up a Regional Business Centre. By the end of the project depending on weather York has met enough of the requirement, I will be able to conclude if York is infact a, Regional Business Centre.York is situated in North Yorkshire on the east coast of the UK (see fig 1.0). York has excellent motorway links to all regions of the UK. York by train is simple, excellent rail links bring you from London, Edinburgh, and Manchester in around 2 hours. Situated midway between Edinburgh and London. York is within comfortable travelling times of most regions in the UK. Travelling to York by train is probably the easiest of all, situated on the east coast main line, in the centre, it is home to the train company GNER, York has rail links to all major cities. My task is to find out if your is a regional shopping centre (RSC), t o do this I will be examining the central business district (CBD) and completing the analysis of certain hypotheses to determine my final thoughts.Although York is a relatively small city, its is historical, and houses over 2000 shops, which means that it pulls in a lot of tourists which will be shopping and also pulls people in just for shopping purposes. York also has one of thepedestrianized zones in the UK, adding to the safety of the tourist and shoppers in York. The city boasts many good places of interest, ranging from museums, galleries, restraunts and shops. One of the main geographical features of York is the two rivers it is based on, the rive Ouse and the river Foss (left). The Ouse, being the main river, has many boat trips and even boat hire available everyday, on a regular time basis. Some more of Yorks features include:York Castle Museum, Eye of YorkEnglands most popular museum of everyday lifeYork Minster, DeangateLargest medieval cathedral in northern Europe, compl eted in 1472 after 250 years construction. (1st picture)National Railway Museum, Leeman RoadA collection of engines, trams, paintings and photographs supported by special exhibitions and interactive displays.Cliffords Tower, Tower Street13th Century Keep of York Castle, offering great views across the city. (2nd picture)Jorvik Viking Centre, CoppergateTake a time-car journey back 1,000 years to a reconstruction of the Viking city of Jorvik, (York).Resources that I have used to complete my tasks.Books To find out about York and the people it attracts I used some books to research background information on the city, and up-to-date information on the sort of businesses in and around York.Worksheets Taken from school these sheets help to focus me on the task that is at hand.Computer/Internet Up-to-the-minute and fast to look something up, make computers one of the best ways to find maps and/or background information about Yorks CBD.Leaflets that can be acquires from just walking aro und town or looking in a tourist information centre, will help to recognise where main interest points are in York.Fieldwork notebook this notebook contains all of the information that our group recovered from the day of fieldwork.Hypothesis 1.) Most shops in the CBD are comparison stores.I would expect to find the most shops in York to be comparison. On Coney Street(fig 1.3 and 2.0) and fig we found that all but two or three shops, which were bakeries, were comparison, (as shown in fig 2.0). Coney Street seems to be used as the main source of comparison shops in York as the other main street in York (parliament street) is used mainly for services. Coney Street is ideally suited for comparison shops because of its size and shape. It is very long and so allows more shops to fit, but it is quite narrow so u can get from one shop to another easily. There are many comparison shops in Coney street because the rent prices for the street are so high, and therefore the companies that rent properties in the area must be successful and therefore have a high profit margin, to do this they need to sell high order good, which is what comparison shops do.The shops in the area must also consider that in order for them to be successful, and therefore be able to afford the rent prices they must aim to cater for the targeted age group, from our questionnaires, we found that the majority of people were under 25, this is why most of the shops would be where people of 25 and under would visit. Looking at other Regional shopping centres, such as Leeds and Manchester, and many shopping villages aswell the shops found on Coney Street are usually found in many other regional shopping centres, these are chain stores. Coney Street serves its purpose as a main street in a regional shopping centreHypothesis 2.) Most people shopping in the CBD are from outside YorkI wouldnt expect many of the people in the Yorks centre to be from the centre of York, and I would expect that there would be quite a number of people from out side of York. On the day we did the fieldwork the weather was bad, it was cold, wet and slightly windy. We thought that because of this people wouldnt be out as much, and if they were they would be moving fast to avoid the rain. Tourists would be at an inside attraction rather than out site seeing.If the weather had been different and it had been a day with good weather, I would have thought that there would be more people out, with people sitting on benches and lingering, but they could not do this when we were doing the fieldwork because it was raining an so the benches were wet. Once started interviewing people we noticed that many people did not want to take part, we came to the conclusion that this was because thy did not want to stop, because of the weather, and that they did not want to get wet. Many of the shoppers did come from York but there were still a few from outside of York. I think that there were more people from York because they w ere on their lunch break, as the fieldwork took place at 1pm, and that tourists would be at an indoor attraction because of the poor weather. Although shown by our figures most people visit daily to York, I would have thought that you would pay weekly or even less visits to Yorks CBD if it were to be a RSC.Hypothesis 3.) Most people will travel to York by car.I think that most people will have been travelling to York by car, as the weather was bad and people will not want to get wet whilst walking or waiting for public transport. Even if the day was sunny I would still expect most people to come by car as they need something to carry home their shopping in. There are many car parks in and around town and this provides relatively easy parking.From our questionnaires we decided that people were prepared from about a 1-1/2 hour radius around York. Our results showed different as we found that not nearly as many people came by car as we expected in fact less than 1/4 travelled to York b y car, although this was still a large section of the people. With more people walking than using a car. Although at this time of day it may have been explain as people being at work or collage, people who would travel by car, were not out on the streets.Hypothesis 4.) The CBD will have many traffic restrictions.I think that there will be a lot of traffic restrictions in York city centre as if there were not, the amount of pedestrians mixing with a lot of cars would end up with accidents. This would make shops less accessible too. We did traffic counts by having one person stand on each side of the road, one person tallies down the amount of traffic going left, the other the amount of traffic going right, we did this for a set amount of time (10 minutes). Keeping the traffic count down with traffic restrictions makes the consumers feel safer and encourages them to explore more shops, thus spending more money. From our research we were right about the traffic restrictions there were virtually no vehicles that passed us in the 10-minute period that we were recording. All shopping centres should have strict traffic restriction, as they prevent accidents and encourage sales.Hypothesis 5.) The flow of pedestrians will be towards the CBDThe direction of travel at the time we were investigating could have been mixed between morning shoppers leaving and afternoon shoppers arriving, the time was 1pm. I would have thought that at this time though, most people would be travelling to the city centre, for lunch, or just to the main areas of comparison shops just for bargain hunting. We did a pedestrian count in the same way that we did the traffic flow count. There was only a slight difference in direction, this could because of the above mentioned reason or it could be because the centre of York is accessible I two different directions as you can circle around onto another street to explore more shops. As it was a dull day people may have been moving to get out of the rai n in no particular direction.Hypothesis 6.)The advantages of shopping in the CBD overcome the DisadvantagesI would expect advantages of shopping in York to overcome the disadvantages. I know from experience that York is often very fully, if the disadvantages out weighed the advantages this would not be the case and York would almost certainly not be as big a city as it is. In the questionnaire there were questions about the pros and cons of York. Many of the cons were from locals about parking, this is why park and ride has been introduces from outside of the CBD, but a lot of the tourist didnt have cons. The advantages were recorded and most of them were about cleanliness. There always seems to be someone cleaning, said one woman. There are scarabs going around York each day, these are miniature dustbin vans.EvaluationOn the day the weather was not to good, it was a dull, wet, and windy day. This meant that a lot of people were rushing and so avoided answering our questionnaires. T he weather will have had a large effect on the pedestrian and vehicle counts and the questionnaire answers.The day, was a weekday, so many people will have been at work, and the time was 1-3pm this is usually a lunch break, meaning that this played havoc with the pedestrian flow, and direction of travel, as people were rushing back and forth from cafes and snack shops, in their lunch break. If I were to repeat this task, I would come on a Saturday, at either an earlier or later time, this would account for people on lunch breaks and the people working would be cut down, as it was a weekend. I would try to come on a day where the weather was better as well, a sunny, dry day where people would be lingering on benches and such, and would be more prepared to answer questionnaires.The weather played a key factor in our investigation, and should not be overlooked, there is no doubt that humidity and other weather factors such as pressure effect people, behaviour patterns alter dramaticall y depending on what the weather is like, or indeed a countries climate. As it was cold on the day we were in town people seemed to be moving in set directions and not wandering about too much, but on the day that I repeated the experiment in my local shopping area in Acomb, people were seen to be stopping to look in shop windows and walking back wards and forwards with no planned motion or direction.There were also faults in the way we collected some of the data, in the way that when we were collecting data on the environmental survey, we had to give opinions on certain factors of the city, this data is obviously subjective but we had to give it a number to rate it, therefore changing it into objective data, this was hard because not everybody had the same views and we had to average out, thus making our results in accurate.Another problem was our questionnaires, this wouldnt have been such a problem if it wasnt for the bad weather, the results we did get were rushed, and most peopl e did not want to answer any questionnaires, because they did not want to get wet. Even though we had an umbrella people still did not feel like stopping.People who stopped were mostly tourists or old people, as everyone else was in a rush because of lunchtime.

The Function of Prefixes in English Grammar

The Function of Prefixes in English Grammar In English grammar and morphology, a prefix is a letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning, including examples such as anti- to mean against, co- to mean with, mis- to mean wrong or bad, and trans- to mean across. The most common prefixes in English are those that express negation,  like a- in the word asexual, in- in the word incapable, and un- in the word unhappy - these negations immediately alter the meaning of the words the are added to, but some prefixes merely change the form. Interestingly enough, the word prefix itself contains the prefix pre-, which means before, and the  root word  fix, which means to fasten or place; thus the word itself means to place before. Letter groups attached to the ends of words, conversely, are called suffixes, while both belong to the larger group of morphemes known as affixes.   Prefixes are  bound  morphemes, which means they cant stand alone. Generally, if a group of letters is a prefix, it cant also be a word. However, prefixation, or the process of adding a prefix to a word, is a common way of forming new words in English. General Rules and Exceptions Although there are several  common  prefixes in English, not all usage rules apply universally, at least in terms of definition. For instance, the prefix sub- can either mean something below the root word or that the root word is below something. James J. Hurford argues in Grammer: A Students Guide that there are many words in English which look as if they begin with a familiar prefix, but in which it is not clear what meaning to attach either to the prefix or to the remainder of the word, in order to arrive at the meaning of the whole word. Essentially, this means that sweeping rules about prefixes like ex- in exercise and excommunicate cannot be applied. However, there are still some general rules that do apply to all prefixes, namely that they are typically set as part of the new word, with hyphens only appearing in the case of the base word starting with a capital letter or the same vowel that the prefix ends with. In The Cambridge Guide to English Usage by Pam Peters, though, the author does posit that in well-established cases of this type, the hyphen becomes optional, as with cooperate. Nano-, Dis-, Mis- and Other Oddities Technology especially utilizes prefixes as our technological and computer worlds get smaller and smaller. Alex Boese notes in the 2008 Smithsonian article Electrocybertronics, that lately the prefix trend has been shrinking; during the 1980s, mini- gave way to micro-, which yielded to nano and that these units of measurement have since transcended their original meaning. In a similar way, the prefixes dis- and mis- have come to slightly transcend their original intent. Still, James Kilpatrick claims in his 2007 article To dis, or Not to dis, that there are 152 dis- words and 161 mis- words in contemporary lexicography. However, many of these are never spoken like the word misact, which starts the mis- list, as he calls it. The prefix pre- also has a bit of confusion in modern vernacular. George Carlin famously jokes about the everyday occurrence at the airport called pre-boarding. According to the standard definition of the prefix, preboarding should mean  before boarding, but as Carlin puts it What does it mean to pre-board? Do you get on [a plane] before you get on?