Political Rhetoric Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Political Rhetoric - Essay Example The Institute is a think-thank which offers its expertise and research to progressives to help the latter understand and learn how to communicate effectively their messages across. 1 Lakoff’s contribution to political rhetoric is his study of metaphors in relation to political discourse. Lakoff asserts that metaphors are not merely occasional figures of speech but is a cognitive phenomenon implying that language in itself is metaphorical. The ability to create metaphors is made possible by the use of a source domain as a reference to a target domain using areas of experience or semantic frames. Thus the metaphor war on terror and others like it coined to refer to the 9/11 incident was drawn from the war frame idea signifying a relentless battle against an enemy. 2 The function of metaphors in political rhetoric, according to Lakoff, is that they determine how people perceive phenomena and hence, how they act. Metaphors likewise act to highlight a particular aspect of a phenomenon whilst concealing some other aspects. In addition, Lakoff theorises that the processes of thinking are structured metaphorically which is turn is reflected by speech but when met aphors are used intentionally, they become debatable. 3 Murray Edelman (1919-2001) was a multi-awarded professor who taught at the University of Illinois and the University of Wisconsin until his death in 2001. He initially focused his attention in the field of labour-management relations but eventually turned to the subject of symbolic politics and the subjective part of politics and power, which would pre-occupy him in the next forty years of his life. Some of his works are: The Symbolic Uses of Politics in 1964; Politics as a Symbolic Action: Mass Arousal and Quiescence in 1971; Political Language: Words that Succeed and Politics that Fail in 1977; Constructing the Political Spectacle in 1995, and; The Politics of Misinformation in 2001. 4 Edelman’s books were seen as major

Saturation of Media is Causing Loss of Democratic Communication Essay

Saturation of Media is Causing Loss of Democratic Communication - Essay Example It is worth noting that free flow of information and fast transmissions are key advantages of media. The advances of media have been events of celebration in history but their increased use has reached a saturation point. The saturation is leading to a gradual loss of democratic communication. Society has embraced media without holding back. Media forms an integral part of human existence in the current world. Because of the increasing saturation, man is slowly losing the essence of democratic communication. Democratic communication is a two-way platform that allows individuals access to information and gives them the opportunity to raise debate and criticism of such information to qualify it as the absolute truth. Concerning social media, there are many social websites in society. These include facebook, twitter, MySpace, badoo, Skype, and netlog. Facebook and twitter have numerous subscribers in the American society. Most of the subscribers spent a lot of time on the websites but d ue to saturation level, they do little while online. Few subscribers create new information. On the contrary, people transmit the existing information. In addition, television, disk players, smart phones are all over in the society. People are in constant access with these forms of media such that they have forgotten the experience of life without any of them. Each time, there is a continuous flow of data and information from status updates, tweets, photos and videos from friends. The influence of media images, opinions, commentaries, critics, and observation has been blinding people from embracing the truth as it is in real life. There is so much available on data networks that influence the opinions and reasoning of people, that very few people can make unbiased analysis of events and happenings. People have allowed media to influence their daily relationships. The daily access to images over time has led to loss of the reality. Print media was the first to reach a saturation poin t and next came the era of the internet. Before the internet, came public broadcasting and television. Through all these, people access limitless information and images to a point whereby, they take what they see or hear as the truth. At the start of media, images were but representatives of the real objects. As saturation increases, people have allowed the media images to take the place of reality. Most of the people in society no longer take time to analyze things as they are in real life. They do not form opinions in communication without the influence of media and this hinders democratic communication. People have lost the autonomy in communication because they imitate what the media presents from the celebrities to movie characters. The media has multiple impacts on the political decisions of people. The public makes political decisions based on the media criticism and allegations. Very few people analyze the quality of leaders from real life reality. Therefore, the people rely on misleading compulsion from the media sources that do not reflect the reality on the ground. There is too much on any data source that one cannot discern what is true or false. Most of the forms of media do not allow a two-way form of communication. The people cannot effectively raise criticism on the data they receive. Nobody has the time to weigh out and criticizer the

No Child Left Behind is Beneficial Essay -- Education, Politics

Political Influences that Helped to Determine the NCLB Act The publication in 1983 of A Nation at Risk Report, flung education into the political ring as the Reagan Administration reasoned the state of education to be a national security risk (Reutzel, 2009). This report caused the public and politicians to start to examine education and the state of reading readiness of the kids of the United States (Reutzel, 2009). By 1994, President Bill Clinton started the course of rallying the National Governor’s Convention with legislation entitled Goals 2000: Educate America Act. This act was the start of countrywide testing in reading and math to demonstrate responsibility for public education. At the same time, the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) was put out by a congressionally funded testing service, showing that reading scores amid the nation’s fourth graders was going down (Reutzel, 2009). And consequently began the downfall of literacy education without political influence The next ten years would see prosperity of data funded both publicly and privately, showing the collapse of a nation and the social difficulties that would result if education was left to educators and the educational system. Federal funding would be given to schools of poverty or underachieving schools. Research standards comparable to those utilized by other professional fields like engineering and medicine would be used to decide on the reformation of literacy education (Reutzel, 2009). Literacy reform now became the rallying call of the U.S. Congress. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1964 was revised in the No Child Left Behind legislation of 2002. This legislation relied heavily on the scientific reading research th... ...ely disadvantaged and racial minorities. There is experimental evidence that shows that these philosophies are indeed effective (Ravitch and Chubb, 2009). There appears to be good and bad things in regards to No Child Left Behind. There is a quantity of evidence that the basic concept is working but there are many that question the implementation of the policy in achieving maximum effectiveness. The Obama administration has put out a plan that will hopefully close some of the gaps that currently exist in the implementation of this policy. What the program is trying to achieve is a good thing, there just needs to be some tweaking done in order to ensure successes in the end. Children are not necessarily learning what they need to but measuring their learning accomplishments solely by testing are not the most effective measure of accomplishment that there is. No Child Left Behind is Beneficial Essay -- Education, Politics Political Influences that Helped to Determine the NCLB Act The publication in 1983 of A Nation at Risk Report, flung education into the political ring as the Reagan Administration reasoned the state of education to be a national security risk (Reutzel, 2009). This report caused the public and politicians to start to examine education and the state of reading readiness of the kids of the United States (Reutzel, 2009). By 1994, President Bill Clinton started the course of rallying the National Governor’s Convention with legislation entitled Goals 2000: Educate America Act. This act was the start of countrywide testing in reading and math to demonstrate responsibility for public education. At the same time, the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) was put out by a congressionally funded testing service, showing that reading scores amid the nation’s fourth graders was going down (Reutzel, 2009). And consequently began the downfall of literacy education without political influence The next ten years would see prosperity of data funded both publicly and privately, showing the collapse of a nation and the social difficulties that would result if education was left to educators and the educational system. Federal funding would be given to schools of poverty or underachieving schools. Research standards comparable to those utilized by other professional fields like engineering and medicine would be used to decide on the reformation of literacy education (Reutzel, 2009). Literacy reform now became the rallying call of the U.S. Congress. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1964 was revised in the No Child Left Behind legislation of 2002. This legislation relied heavily on the scientific reading research th... ...ely disadvantaged and racial minorities. There is experimental evidence that shows that these philosophies are indeed effective (Ravitch and Chubb, 2009). There appears to be good and bad things in regards to No Child Left Behind. There is a quantity of evidence that the basic concept is working but there are many that question the implementation of the policy in achieving maximum effectiveness. The Obama administration has put out a plan that will hopefully close some of the gaps that currently exist in the implementation of this policy. What the program is trying to achieve is a good thing, there just needs to be some tweaking done in order to ensure successes in the end. Children are not necessarily learning what they need to but measuring their learning accomplishments solely by testing are not the most effective measure of accomplishment that there is.

Planet Earth Essay

Earth is the third planet from the sun. The place where many organisms exist, enhance with the beauty of nature. Packed with rich biodiversity, streams and rivers. Have you seen this place before? Maybe yes, but for how long? How much it matter to us if it is lost? What can we do to save them? Those are questions that that will hopefully strike our nerves. In this new millennium, many changes have occurred that altered the condition of the nature. Nearly all the natural rainforest has gone from several countries. It’s very alarming to know that our planet’s wealth is starting to vanish that provides us the basic-life supporting services. Imagine life without these resources, if we don’t put into effort conservation, were not going to only make our lives worse but it also going to impact wild life. People must keep in mind that gross materialism and the search of material wealth is not the only thing in life. Many species of animals are now in massive decline and various factors contribute to extinction. The Amur leopard that is rare and highly endangered and the wild Bactrian camel, the most endangered large animal are threatened to disappear. Nearly half of the world’s frog is extinct by now because of the fungus that hit them. Forest elephants and Walia Ilex are also on the top list. Folks are shooting them for their bush meat so they tend to go to sheer cliff where they are safe from guns and snares. If your protecting the species, first thing you should know is how close to extinction the species are. Extinction is driven by habitat change, release of pollution into the environment, by global warming. All these things are combining in a series of forces that likely to lead if we don’t take action very soon to the extinction of a large proportion of the wild life species. We can’t concentrate in only important species because every species is important. We need a great diversity of species. We need them all because when you start decreasing their number, you start reducing the stability of the area. To save one, typically means to save them all because if one of them got extinct, it will affect the others since they are part of them. It’s like a domino effect, if one piece falls automatically the rest of them will follow. In hot spot conservation, WWF’s strategy is to use anti-poaching patrols to protect the species, and so the rest get  protected also in the bargain. With extinction so close, conservation becomes desperate. The Audubon zoo creates the species survival plan which is like parent organisation in the United State. The clone the animals an d freeze the cells and 50 years from now, they could pull out the DNA and make them alive. It’s like living library in the future. The main thought is that they are getting attention from us. Protection and right treatment for these animals can give us such benefit in our life.

Essay On Dui - 1003 Words

Managing A DU When Youre The Boss At Work: A Few Helpful Ways To Cope Facing a DUI isnt easy for anyone, but when you work in a supervisory capacity and everyone knows about your arrest, it can be even harder. With your income, ability to drive and so much more on the line, you really have to proceed with caution. Here are a few important and helpful ways to cope with this potentially devastating situation. Seek Your Attorneys Specific Advice About Your Employment Unless your position at work is directly related to driving, you shouldnt be instantly fired over a DUI charge. Most especially, an employer probably isnt going to terminate your position if you meet any of the following conditions: You have an exceptional record for†¦show more content†¦Learn an important lesson from your mistake, but vow to fight, especially considering all thats at stake. Your lawyer will likely tell you to discuss the matter privately with your direct supervisor and to assure them that youre intent is to clear this matter up as quickly and cleanly as possible. Ignore The Whispers At Work People are bound to talk and because you are in a position of authority, the whispers may be particularly loud and even viscous, especially if anyone who works under you holds any type of resentment against you. While unpleasant, this situation is, unfortunately, normal in a workplace environment. People will gossip and use the occasion of your arrest against you if they can, but if you have the support of your employer, rise above the petty in-office antics. Let the pettiness motivate you further to win your case and clear your name. Consider A Transfer Sometimes the stigma of a drunk-driving charge is too great to overcome in a professional environment, but if your employer is still supporting you, ask them about possibly transferring to another location. If your case is still open, you might have restrictions on you about moving to another state and youll definitely have to notify the courts of any change of address, but if being surrounded by a different crew at work will help you move forward with your life, it could be a good idea. WhenShow MoreRelatedDui Laws Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesDriving Under The Influence Laws, need to be more severe Driving under the Influence is a dangerous trend and is known to cause many critical accidents and deaths which could have been easily prevented. Even though the consequences for DUI arrests are strict, they seem to not be effective enough. The toll of alcohol-related deaths, repeated offenders, and accidents is still rising, leaving the streets dangerous and families devastated. Over half the drivers arrested for drunk driving in the nationRead More Stricter DUI Penalties Needed! Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence (DUI) of alcohol should not be underestimated. Approximately every twenty-two minutes, one in every fifty American drunk drivers crashes due to alcohol (NHTSA, 2009). Many UNM students under the influence of alcohol do not understand the consequences as they get into their car. It is our duty as students to take action against student drunk drivers, in order to make our campus and roads safer. The solution is simple. As students, we need to be re-educate UNM studen ts about DUI and petitionRead MoreDrug Abuse And The Nfl996 Words   |  4 PagesEric Rutherford English 1101 CRN 11790 Section 36 Veronica E. Brown Informative Essay 11/1/2014 Words: 995 Drug Abuse in the NFL What is the definition of drugs? Is it the simple explanation of a substance we consume that is alien to our bodies, for better or worse? Or is it much more complicated than that? Many would agree that people use them as an escape from reality, a way to hide their pain in life, or a way to deal with stress. People who use illegal drugs for their own benefit, whetherRead MoreWe Must Install Breathalyzers in Cars Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pageswith the installment of an ignition interlock system. Some 47 states currently have in-car Breathalyzer laws. New Mexico was the first state to mandate interlock installation for first-time DUI offenders. In the 1990’s California passed legislation requiring ignition interlock devices for people convicted on DUI (Should Cars). There are other ways to test for high alcohol levels, but a breathalyzer is a more convenient device used for estimating content of alcohol from a sample of one’s breath. TheRead MoreShame and Guilt: Is There a Difference? Essay745 Words   |  3 Pagesauthor June Tangney, in her essay â€Å"Condemn the Crime, Not the Person,† we should make people like this woman feel guilty but not shameful about what she has done. As far as I am concerned, that woman should feel both guilty and ashamed of what she did. That because of her irresponsibility of driving drink she left children without their father, and parents without their son. As the number of crimes increase, punishment for those that are caught should also increase. In the essay â€Å"Shame Is Worth a tryRead MoreRed Scarf Girl : Character Changes1679 Words   |  7 PagesEssay Outline: Red Scarf Girl, Character Change Essay - Introductory Paragraph: According to the Online Dictionary, the â€Å"Chinese Cultural Revolution† is defined as â€Å"a movement in China, beginning in the year 1966 and led by Mao Zedong, to restore the vitality of communism in China.† To begin, the Chinese Cultural Revolution performed a significant role in establishing the setting and conflicts in the novel of â€Å"Red Scarf Girl†. The setting of the story took place in the city of Shanghai, specificallyRead MoreEssay about Causes and Effects of Drunk Driving830 Words   |  4 Pages Cause and Effect Essay on: Drunk Driving Driving a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol is one of the most dangerous things you can do. There is a mass of research evidence to show that driving performance and reaction times are seriously affected by alcohol. Our law in Georgia states, â€Å"that it is illegal to operate a motor vehicle if your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) exceeds .10%. Georgia observes a per se law. (Craft) If you drink and drive, you are not only a dangerRead MoreSummary Of The False Gospel Of Alcoholic Anonymous793 Words   |  4 Pages The False Gospel of Alcoholic Anonymous In this essay, he False Gospel of Alcoholic Anonymous, the writer is telling his audience about a young lawyer, who is struggling with an alcohol addiction. The seemingly careless lawyer, who would go into work drunk, would defend all of his dui clients. After continuously going into work intoxicated, the lawyer decided enough was enough. He’d final check himself into an alcoholic treatment program. The writer goes on to say that the lawyer was strugglingRead MorePresident Ford : A Visionary Leader1658 Words   |  7 Pagesintellect and caused and AFSO21 event and exercised the rainbow rule when considering an award presentation. Additionally, I will show how I was an ethical leader by using accuracy, breadth and the consequence test to determine actions to take for a DUI. Visionary Leader Henry Ford had a vision to make the automobile so affordable that nearly every household would have one parked out front. His largest leap towards this goal was the introduction of the assembly line in 1913 (Brinkley, 2003). WhatRead MoreThe Armored Brigade Combat Team Essay1674 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the 4th ABCT. This case study paper analyzes the critical leadership problems on the 4th ABCT. The aim of this essay is to explain how the Army leadership attributes; direction, guidance, and organizational vision; and a positive environment are factors that enable leaders to lead, to implement changing process, and to establish a new organizational vision. Finally, this essay proposes the way to implement an organizational change and vision. Identifying what kind of problems the 4th ABCT has

What Caused The Rwanda Genocide Essays - 1119 Words

In this essay, I will discuss about how the Rwanda genocide and the Second World War started and furthermore I will discuss what caused it to take place and conclude by talking about the differences and similarities between these two categories I have chosen. What caused ruwanda war? In the beginning of April, 1994, Hutus began slaughtering the Tutsis in Rwanda. As the vicious killings kept on going, the world stood quit and just watched the slaughter. As 100 days past, the Rwanda genocide left around 800,000 Tutsis and Hutu dead. The Hutu and Tutsi are two clans who shared the same past. When Rwanda was first established the people used to raise cattle`s. Eventually, the people who had the most cattle were called Tutsi and the rest was†¦show more content†¦The members of the presidential guard started killing Tutsi civilians in a section of Kigali near the airport. 7 April same year, the Radio Television â€Å"Libres Des Mille Collines â€Å" aired a broadcast telling the plane crash to the RPF and a contingent of UN soldiers. Later that day the Prime Minister, Agathe Uwilingiyimana and 10 Belgian negotiators promised to protect her. But unfortunately she got brutally murdered by Rwandan government soldiers at her home. Other Hutu members were similarly assassinated. Belgium later withdrew the rest of its force after the massacre of its troops. On 21 April, afterwards other countries that asked permission to withdraw troops, the UNAMIR force decreased from 2,165 to 270. What caused the second world war? The Second World War occurred when Germany invaded Poland on the 1 September 1939. After nearly two days later, Britain and France announced war on Germany. The war stretch throughout whole Europe, involving everyone. Many countries were invaded by German troops, war wagons whilst others joined with Germany. There were only some countries in Europe that still neutral during that war. Those were Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Portugal, Spain, Ireland and the Vatican. German troops enforced thousands of Polish Jews from their homes and into the streets, and offering their properties to ethnic Germans. Building huge walls attach with dangerous wires, the Jewish in Poland wereShow MoreRelatedThe Genocide Of Rwanda s Genocide1624 Words   |  7 PagesThe Genocide in Rwanda INTRODUCTION Genocides happen when ethnic divisions become apparent. Many times, these ethnic divisions were due to colonization from people of different race. These cases are especially true in Africa when Europeans colonized their territory, with clear racial divisions between them (Gavin). These genocides go on because of nations acting on ignorance and refusing to help out the nations in turmoil, allowing the genocides to continue, without wasting their own resources.Read MoreRwandan Genocide1017 Words   |  5 PagesEgypt, one of the greatest conflicts is the Rwandan Genocide. The Rwandan Genocide included two tribes in Rwanda: Tutsis and Hutus. Upon revenge, the Hutus massacred many Tutsis and other Hutus that supported the Tutsis. This gruesome war lasted for a 100 days. Up to this date, there have been many devastating effects on Rwanda and the global community. In addition, many people have not had many acknowledgements for the genocide but from this genocide many lessons have been lear ned around the world. Read MoreHumanitarian Intervention Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagescrime against humanity. (Humanitarian, 2008) Realism explains that humanitarian intervention came about during the genocide in Bosnia but not in Rwanda because even though it might have been the correct moral action to take, intervention in Rwanda was not in the national interest of other states. Also, there was no humanitarian intervention in the Rwanda genocide because the genocide was not explicitly known about. (Hintjens, 1999) On the other hand, humanitarian intervention occurred in BosniaRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1654 Words   |  7 PagesRwandan Genocide A genocide is defined as the deliberate killing of a group of people, especially of a certain ethnicity. By that definition and almost any other a dictionary could define, the killing of the Tutsis was certainly a genocide.The Rwandan Genocide occurred in 1994, in an African country called Rwanda. A long history of building friction between the Hutus and the Tutsis undeniably caused the mass murder of over 800,000 Tutsis, but various countries’ failure to act allowed the genocide to goRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War889 Words   |  4 Pages claims that â€Å"In 1992, Rwanda’s population was about 9.2 million with 83 percent Hutu and 17 percent Tutsi. However, half the Tutsi population was in exile† (73.) My claim is that the Rwandan Civil War was a fault line conflict and catalyzed the genocide between the two ethnic groups of the Hutu, and the Tutsi. The Belgian colonial power influence that was left for the Rwandan people, negatively disassociated civilizations, and insinuated the dispute over which ethnicity was superior. The BelgiansRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1382 Words   |  6 Pages In 1994, a mass genocide broke out in Rwanda, a small country in Africa. The genocide occurred between the two ethnic groups where the Hutus were targeting the tutsis. The Rwandan genocide, ranking in the top five largest genocides in the world, was caused because of the resentment the hutus had towards the tutsis and was even more instigated by media and outsiders causing differences between the two parties. This quote is trying to provide an insight on what happened in rwanda and why. The localRead MoreThe Conflict Of The Rwandan Civil War887 Words   |  4 Pages claims that â€Å"In 1992, Rwanda’s population was about 9.2 million with 83 percent Hutu and 17 percent Tutsi. However, half the Tutsi population was i n exile† (73.) My claim is that the Rwandan Civil War was a fault line conflict and catalyzed the genocide between the two ethnic groups of the Hutu, and the Tutsi. The Belgian colonial power influence that was left for the Rwandan people, negatively disassociated civilizations, and insinuated the dispute over which ethnicity was superior. The BelgiansRead MoreRwandan Genocide : Behind The Media s Eyes1088 Words   |  5 PagesRwandan Genocide: Behind the Media’s Eyes Could the Rwandan Genocide have been prevented? Absolutely. If Rwanda hadn’t been under Belgian rule, and if western countries would have sent troops in to help, the genocide could ve been avoided. There was no light shed on the genocide by the western media. The media twisted and contorted the reality of the genocide. While Western media claimed that Tutsis were victims of genocide, they failed to identify the true victim of the genocide. Hutus and TutsisRead MoreThe Rwandan Genocide And The Genocide1393 Words   |  6 PagesRwandan Genocide was one of the most violent genocides in the history of the world and was intricately planned and implemented by the ethnic group called the Hutu in an attempt to eliminate another, the Tutsis. Though the genocide lasted only one hundred days, the number of deaths is estimated to be approximately 800,000. In the wake of the genocide, mass chaos plagued the country of Rwanda, deepening the divide between the groups Hutu and Tutsi. Although it can be said the genocide was caused onlyRead MoreRwanda Genocide : The First Conviction1264 Words   |  6 Pages Rwanda Genocide: The First Conviction Kaylee Schmit Ms. Sandbulte Advanced Composition January 11, 2016 Kaylee Schmit Ms. Sandbulte Advanced Composition January 11, 2016 Rwanda Genocide: The First Conviction Rwanda is a small country in Africa, made up of three ethnic groups: the Hutus, who held the majority of the population; the Tutsis were only a small portion of the population; and there were also very few Twa. All three groups spoke Kinyarwanda. There were differences in the

The French Revolution - 1909 Words

Brandon Chen Ms. Crawbuck Sophomore English March 23, 2016 Final Draft Many dictators in history have created bad legacies and committed horrific crimes during their time in power. One dictator, however, created a legacy that any person would know and created an ideology that is used in almost all first world countries, and many other second war countries now as well. This dictator is Napoleon Bonaparte. He is a catalyst for change because he created a dominant army from the scraps of the French Revolution, which led to his dominance throughout Europe, creating a lasting principle that most people now think of it as a norm. The French Government was rapidly losing power during the Bourbon Dynasty because of the vast spendings of King†¦show more content†¦Radical nationalists quickly took control of the government and country and made very radical acts, that dug France into a bigger hole (French). One of the first things the radicals did when they gained power was â€Å"declared war on Austria and Prussia, where it believed that Fre nch á º »migrà ©s were building counter revolutionary alliances; it also hoped to spread its revolutionary ideals across Europe through warfare,† which caused not only a war inside of France, but also a war against countries outside of France (French). Soon a group of extremist Jacobins attacked and captured the king in Paris (French). The next month, citizens of Paris started massacring many accused counter revolutionists and got what they wanted; the establishment of the French Republic (French). Soon after the establishment of the republic, â€Å"Jacobins seized control of the National Convention from the more moderate Girondins and instituted a series of radical measures, †¦ They also unleashed the bloody Reign of Terror, a 10-month period in which suspected enemies of the revolution were guillotined by the thousands,† which were put out by the order of Robespierre, the leader of the Committee of Public Safety (French). Soon after this radical phase a modera te phase came in and the French people revolted against the radicals because of their actions (French). The French revolution finally ended when a group of Girondins approved a new constitution that